The origin of STEM education

Historical formation of STEM

Driven by genuine or perceived current and future shortages in the STEM workforce, many education systems and policy makers around the globe are preoccupied with advancing competencies in STEM domains. The acronym STEM was coined in 2001 by Judith A. Ramaley of the National Science Foundation (USA) and replaced the previously used acronym SMET (Sanders, 2009). Both acronyms initially appeared to serve the sole purpose of referring to the Science, Math, Technology and Engineering disciplines and the professionals working in them. NSF has later composed a list of STEM fields, including the industry-relevant areas of psychology, social sciences, and education and learning research.

STEM now is used as a brand name to describe the integration of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics in educational curricula. J. Ramaley defined STEM as an educational inquiry where learning was placed in context and students solved real-world problems through creation of opportunities—a pursuit of innovation (Chute, 2009). Her concept provided an answer to the relatively poor performance of American students in standardized exams for mathematics and science as well as the need to bolster the declining enrollments in universities in the academic STEM fields (Dugger, 2010).

Talking about the integrational models of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, the currently used definitions are:

S — Science, which deals with and seeks the understanding of the natural world (NRC, 1996, p. 24), is the underpinning of technology. Science is concerned with what is (exists) in the natural world. Some of the processes that are used in science to seek out the meaning of the natural world are “inquiry,” “discovering what is,” “exploring,” and using “the scientific method.”

T — Technology, on the other hand, is the modification of the natural world to meet human wants and needs (ITEA, 2000, p. 7), or “The goal of technology is to make modifications in the world to meet human needs” (NRC, 1996, p. 24). Technology is concerned with what can be (designed, made, and developed) from natural world materials and substances to satisfy human needs and desires. Some processes used in technology to alter and change the natural world are “invention,” “innovation,” “practical problem solving,” and “design.”

E — “Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize economically the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind” (ABET, 2002). There are strong philosophical connections between the disciplines of technology and engineering.

M — “Mathematics is the science of patterns and relationships” (AAAS, 1993, p. 23). It provides an exact language for technology, science, and engineering. Developments in technology, such as the computer, stimulate mathematics, just as developments in mathematics often enhance innovations in technology. One example of this is a mathematical model that can help the technological design by simulating how a proposed system may operate.

The above-mentioned disciplines and approaches of learning about the surrounding world can be merged or interact in several models, a few are depicted in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. The subject relationship models of STEM. A. Minnesota STEM initiative (cit.). B. Kelley and Knowles, 2016. C. meriSTEM, Singapore (Tan et al., 2019).

STEM education can link scientific inquiry, by formulating questions answered through investigation to inform the student before they engage in the engineering design process to solve problems (Kennedy and Odell, 2014). Rosicka (2016) advocates thatadvocates, that STEM approach should increase students’ motivation, improve problem-solving skills and achievements in mathematics and science, thereby helping students to understand not only what they are learning, but also why it can be applied.

Quality STEM education could sustain or increase the STEM pipeline of individuals preparing for careers in these fields (Stohlmann et al. 2012). Improving STEM education may also increase the literacy of all people across the population in technological and scientific areas (NRC 2009; 2011).

 

Definitions of STEM education:

Although a number of countries, including the majority of the EU members, have national strategies concerning STEM education, there is no internationally approved definition. Among the mostly used approaches:

–          teaching and learning between/among any two or more of the STEM subject areas, and/or between a STEM subject and one or more other school subjects  (Sanders, (2009);

–          effort to combine some or all of the four disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics into one class, unit, or lesson that is based on connections between the subjects and real-world problems. Integrated STEM curriculum models can contain STEM content learning objectives primarily focused on one subject, but contexts can come from other STEM subjects (Moore et al., (2014);

–          approach to teaching the STEM content of two or more STEM domains, bound by STEM practices within an authentic context for the purpose of connecting these subjects to enhance student learning. Practices should include science inquiry, engineering design, mathematical thinking and technological literacy (Kelley and Knowles, 2016).

Despite the disputes of how many disciplines should be included, STEM activities involve them in complex projects that require the application of skills and knowledge from all of them at once, which is closer to how they will one day use their abilities in their real jobs. The project-focused learning is the dominating approach in STEM education. For example, students may learn geometry, physics, and biology to build a working greenhouse or include automatization to integrate the learning of IT. These projects, however, tend to take a purely functional approach to the task and utilitaristic interdependence of the subjects.

On occasion the projects may incorporate design elements to combine function and form, however, the more in-depth integration of human (or social)-oriented aspects of the “product“ of STEM projects was implemented upon the transition to the STEAM. Following this integrational vector, we are meeting the phenomenon-based learning, which is a learner-centred, multidisciplinary instructional approach that is based on student inquiry and problem solving without focussing on teaching specific subjects, nor is there any preset learning objective. Instead, learners investigate and solve their own questions by applying what subjects are relevant to the problem (Valamis, 2019). In STEM and STEAM, however, the central role is placed on the S-T-E-M subjects, enriching with connections to other disciplines.

 

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AAAS. (1993). Benchmarks for science literacy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Chute, E. (2009). STEM education is branching out: Focus shifts from making science, math accessible to more than just brightest. Pittsburg Post-Gazette, 947944-298

Dugger, W. E. (2010, December). Evolution of STEM in the United States. In the 6th Biennial International Conference on Technology Education Research’nda sunulmuş bildiri, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.

ITEA. (2000/2002/2007). Standards for technological literacy: Content for the study of technology. Reston, VA

Kelley, T. R. & Knowles, J. G. A conceptual framework for integrated STEM education. Int J Stem Educ 3, 11 (2016).

Kennedy, T., & Odell, M. (2014). Engaging students in STEM education. Science Education International, 25(3), 246–258.

Moore, T., Stohlmann, M., Wang, H., Tank, K., Glancy, A., & Roehrig, G. (2014). Implementation and integration of engineering in K-12 STEM education. In S. Purzer, J. Strobel, & M. Cardella (Eds.), Engineering in Pre-College Settings: Synthesizing Research, Policy, and Practices (pp. 35–60). West Lafayette: Purdue University Press.

National Research Council. (1996). The national science education standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Rosicka, C. (2016). Translating STEM education research into practice.

Sanders, M. (2009). Integrative STEM education: primer. The Technology Teacher, 68(4), 20-26.

Stohlmann, M., Moore, T., & Roehrig, G. (2012). Considerations for teaching integrated STEM education. Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research., 2(1), 28–34. doi:10.5703/1288284314653.

Tan, A. L., Teo, T. W., Choy, B. H., & Ong, Y. S. (2019). The STEM Quartet. Innovation and Education, 1(1), 1-14.

Valamis, Phenomenon-based Learning (April 19, 2019): https://www.valamis.com/hub/phenomenon-based-learning, retrieved [2021-04-19]